From the Publisher The practical difficulties in calculating dates mentioned in inscriptions or in the colophons to manuscripts are considerable. Among the books offering help to historians and editors alike, the works of R. Sewell stand out as excellent introductions to this intricate subject. The book reprinted here was first published in 1897. However, in spite of its age, The Indian Calendar has retained its usefulness for the benefit of scholars working on the chronology of Ancient India. Robert Sewell (1845-1925) has written extensively on Indian history, Besides his works on the Indian calendar and on chronology, his book a Forgotten Empire: Vijayanagara (1900) is one of the pioneering efforts to describe South Indian history, and The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (1923) is still a valuable took for research. Contents PART I. The Hindu Calendar. Art. I. Introductory I Art. 4 The panchanga 2 Art. 5 The vara, or week day Days of the week 2 Art. 6 Time divisions 2 Subdivisions of the day 2 Art. 7 The tithi, amavasya, purnima 3 Art. 8 The nakshatra 3 Art. 9 The yoga 3 Art. 10 The karana 3 Art. 11 The paksha 4 Art. 12 Lunar months 4 Art. 13 Amanta and purnimanta systems 4 Art. 14 Luni-solar month names 5 Art. 15 The solar year, tropical, sidereal, and anomalistic 5 Art. 16 The Kalpa. Mahayuga. Yoga. Julian Period 6 Art. 17 Siddhanta year-measurement 6 Art. 18 Siddhantas now used for the same 7 The Siddhantas and other Astronomical Works. Art. 19 Siddhantas, Karanas, bija, Hindu schools of astronomers 7 Art. 20 Note on the Siddhantas, and their authors and dates 7 Art. 21 Authorities at present accepted by Hindus 9 Further details. Contents of the Panchanga. Art. 22 The Indian Zodiac, rasi, amsa 9 Art. 23 The Sankrantis. Names given to solar months 9 Art. 24 Length of months 10 Duration of solar months. Table 10 Art. 25 Adhika masas. Calendar used 11 Art. 26 True and mean sankrantis. Sodhya 11 Art. 28 The beginning of a solar month 12 Rule I. (a) The midnight Rule (Bengal). Rule I (b) The any-time Rule (Orissa). Rule II. (a) The sunset Rule (Tamil). Rule II. (b) The afternoon Rule (Malabar). Art. 29 Panchangs, tithis 13 Art. 30 Extract from an actual panchanga 13 The Ahargana 16 Art. 31 Correspondence of tithis and solar days 16 Performance of religious ceremonies, sraddhas, vratas 17 Art. 32 Adhika and kshaya tithis 17 Art. 34 Variation on account of longitude 18 Art. 35 Examples of the same 19 Art. 36 True and mean time 19 Mean sun, mean moon, true and mean sunrise 19 Art. 37 Basis of calculation for the Tables 20 Elements of uncertainty 20 Art. 38 Nakshatras 21 Yoga-taras. Equal and unequal space systems. Garga and Brahma Siddhanta systems 21 Table. Longitude of Ending-points of Nakshatras 22 Art. 39 Auspicious Yogas 22 Art. 40 Karanas 23 Art. 40a Eclipses 23 Oppolzer's Canon. Note by Professor Jacobi 23 Art. 41 Lunar months and their names 24 Season-names, star-names 24 Art. 42-44 Modern names of, derived from the nakshatras 24 Table shewing this derivation 25 Art. 45 Adhika and kshaya masas. Rules 25 Table 26 Art. 46 Their names. Rules 26 Art. 47 Their determination according to true and mean systems 27 Change of practice about A. D. 1100 27 Sripati. Bhaskaracharya 28 Art. 48 Rules given in another form 28 Art. 49 Different results by different Siddhantas 29 Art. 50 Some peculiarities in the occurrence of adhika and kshaya masas. 29 Art. 51 Intercalation of months by purnimanta scheme 30 Years and Cycles Art. 52 The Hindu New Year's Day in solar and luni-solar reckoning 31 When the first month is intercalary 32 Differs in different tracts 32 Art. The sixty-year cycle of Jupiter 32 Art. 54-55 Kshaya samvatsaras 33 Art. 56-57 Variations in expunction of samvatsaras 33 Jyotisha-tattva Rule 33 Art. 58 To find the current samvatsara 34 Art. 59 Rules for the same 34 (a) By the Surya Siddhanta 34 (b) By the Arya Siddhanta 34 (c) By the Surya Siddhanta with the bija 35 (d) Brihatsamhita and Jyotishatattva Rules 35 Art. 60 List of Expunged Samvatsaras by different authorities. Table 36 Art. 61 Earliest use of Jupiter's cycle 36 Art. 62 The southern (luni-solar) sixty-year cycle 36 Art. 63 The twelve-year cycle of Jupiter 37 Two kinds of Do. 37 Art. 64 The Graha-paravritti and Onko cycles 37 PART II. The Various Eras. Art. 65 General remarks 39 Art. 66 Importation of eras into different tracts 39 Art. 67 Examples of Do 39 Art. 68 Eras differently treated by the same author 39 Art. 69 Only one safe deduction 40 Art. 70 Current and expired years. Explanation 40 Art. 71 Description of the several eras 40 The Kali-Yuga 40 The Saptarshi Kala Era 41 The Vikrama Era 41 The Christian Era 42 The Saka Era 42 The Chedi or Kalachuri Era 42 The Gupta Era 43 The Valabhi Era 43 The Bengali San 43 The Vilayati Year 43 The Amli Era of Orissa 43 The Fasali Year 44 The Luni-solar Fasali Year 44 The Mahratta Sur San, or Shahur San 45 The Harsha Kala 45 The Magi San 45 The Kollam Era, or Era of Parasurama 45 The Nevar Era 45 The Chalukya Era 46 The Simha Samvat 46 The Lakshmana Sena Era 46 The Ilahi Era 46 The Mahratta Raja Saka Era 47 Art. 72 Names of Hindi and N. W. Fasali months 47 PART III Description and Explanation of the Tables Art. 73-102 Table I. (general) 47 Art. 80 "Lunation-parts" or "tithi indices", or "t." explained. 49 Art. 81 Relation of "tithi-index" and "tithi-part" 50 Art. 82 To convert "t." into solar time 50 Art. 83-86 Lunar conditions requisite for the intercalation or suppression of a month 50 Art. 87 Reasons for adopting tithi-index notation 51 Art. 90 Method for arriving at correct intercalated and suppressed months 52 Art. 91 Plan of work adopted for Table I 52 Art. 96 Moments of Mesha-sankranti differ according to Arya and Surya Siddhantas. 54 Table shewing difference 55 Art. 102 a, b, c, (cols. 23, 24, 25) fully explained 56 Table. Increase of a, b, c, in a year and in a day 57 Art. 103 Table II., Parts i. and ii. Correspondence of amanta and purnimanta months, and of months in different eras 57 Art. 104 Table II., Part iii. Do. Of years of different eras 58 Rules for conversion of a year of one era into that of another 58 Art. 105 Table III. (Collective duration of months) 59 Art. 106 Tables IV., V. (w, a, b, c, for every day in a year, and for hours and minutes) 59 Art. 107-110 Tables VI., VII. (Lunar and solar equations of the centre) 60 Equation of the centre explained 60 Art. 111 Tables VIII., VIIIA., VIIIB 62 Art. 112-117 Tables IX. To XVI 62 PART IV. Use of the Tables. Art. 118 Purposes for which the Tables may be used 62 Art. 119 To find the corresponding year and month of other eras 63 Art. 120 To find the samvatsara 63 Art. 121 To find the added or suppressed month 63 Art. 122-129 to convert a Hindu date into a date A. D. and vice versa 63 By methods A, B, Or C, 63 Art. 131-133 To find the nakshatra, yoga, and karana current on any date 64 Explanation of work for nakshatras and yogas. 64 Art. 134 To convert a solar date into a luni-solar date, and vice versa 65 Art. 135-136 Details for work by Method A 65 Art. 135 (A) Conversion of a Hindu (B) Do. Of a date A. D. into a Hindu solar date 66 Art. 136 (A) Do. Of a Hindu luni-solar date into a date A. D. 67 (B) Do. Of a date A. D. into a Hindu luni-solar date 68 Art. 137-138 Details for work by Method B 69 Art. 137 (A) Conversion of Hindu dates into dates A. D. 69 (a) Luni-solar Dates 70 (b) Solar Dates 73 Art. 138 (B) Conversion of dates A. D. into Hindu dates 74 (a) Luni-solar Dates 75 (b) Solar Dates 76 Art. 139-160 Details for work by Method C. 77 Art. 139 (A) Conversion of Hindu luni-solar dates into dates A. D. 77 Art. 142 A clue for finding when a tithi is probably repeated or expunged 78 Art. 144 To find the moment of the ending of a tithi 78 Art. 145 Do. Of its beginning 78 Art. 149 (B) Conversion of Hindu solar dates into dates A. D. 86 Art. 150 (C) Conversion into dates A. D. of tithes which are coupled with solar months 89 Art. 151 (D) Conversion of dates A. D. into Hindu luni-solar dates 90 Art. 152 (E) Conversion of dates A. D. into Hindu solar dates 93 Art. 153 (F) Determination of Karanas 96 Art. 156 (G) Do. Of Nakshatras 97 Art. 159 (H) Do. Of Yogas. 97 Art. 160 (I) Verification of Indian dates 98 PART V. The Muhammadan Calendar. Art. 161 Epoch of the Hijra 101 Art. 162 Leap-years 102 Art. 163 The months. Table 102 Art. 164 A month begins with the heliacal rising of the moon 102 Art. 165 Occurrence of this under certain conditions 103 Art. 166 Difference in,-caused by difference in longitude 103 Art. 167 Days of the Week. Table 103 Art. 168 Compensation for New Style in Europe 103 Art. 169 Rules for conversion of a date A. H. into a date A. D. 104 Art. 170 Rules for conversion of a date A. D. into a date A. H. 105 Dr. Burgess's Perpetual Muhammadan Calendar 105-106 Table I I to cii. Table II ciii to cvi Table III cvii Table IV cviii to cx Table V cxi Table VI cxii Table VII cxiii Table VIII cxiv Table IX cxv, cxv Table X cxvi, cxvii, Table XI cxviii Table XII cxix, cxx Table XIII cxxi Table XIV cxxiii Table XV cxxiv Table XVI cxx, cxxxvi APPENDIX Eclipses of the Sun in India by Dr. Robert Schram 109 to 116 Table A. 117 to 127 Table B. 128 to 137 Table C. 138 Table D. 139 to 148 Additions and Corrections 149 to 161 Index 163 to 169

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