From the Publisher The emergence of Tantrism and Saktism in the sixth-seventh centuries in ancient India symbolized a belief in fertility worship, worship of the female principle with the Devi/Goddess supreme as the Energy/Power-the substance of everything, pervading everything. In Orissa in particular, the sakta/tantra cults played a major role in the religion and culture of the region and this is testified by its many temples and sculptural wonders therein. In this work, Prof. Donaldson presents a rich and variegated picture of the sakta/tantra art of Orissa, highlighting the evolving iconography of individual images. Based on largely first-hand study of the temple and their iconography and also referring the various textual sources, he deals with, in detail, the sakta mythology of the region along with its depiction in iconography. He focuses on different forms and depictions of the Goddess - the Matrkas, Camunda, Naga/Nagi, Manasa/Jaratkuru, Tara, the Mahavidyas, the Yoginis and Dakinis and images of Purusa/Prakrti, Agni/Soma and Linga/Yoni, Painstakingly analyzing the architecture of a number of temples and their images. The work abounds in photographs (more than seven hundred) revealing the variety of forms of the Goddess and their widespread distribution and provides many maps, diagrams and iconographical charts as well. A thorough research giving attention to minute details even while studying a wide range of iconographical traditions and forms, this work will prove an indispensable source book for young as well as established scholars. Prof. Thomas Donaldson (Ph. D.) is a leading authority on Indian art, particularly Orissan art, as he has been studying and writing on the subject for more than three decades. His works include a monumental three-volume study titled Hindu Temple Art of Orissa (1985-87), Kamadeva’s Pleasure Garden in Orissa (1987), Sculptural Masterpieces from Orissa: Style and Iconography, co-authored with K. S. Behera (1998), Ornaments of Orissa, co-authored by R. P. Mohapatra (1998), Iconography of Vaisnava Image in Orissa (2001), and The Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa - 2 vols. (2001). Contents Map of Orissa with newly divided districts ii Acknowledgements v Abbreviations xiii List of Maps, Plans, Diagrams and Iconographic Charts xv Introduction 1 VOL. I 1 SAKTISM IN ORISSA 11 Tribal goddesses, sacrifice, fertility and Durga-puja 15 Aniconic form and Hinduisation 31 Mangala, Tara and other navigation and maritime goddesses 38 Fort goddesses (durga-devata or ista-devata) and Dasahara 51 Sitala, Sasthi and goddesses of disease and health 60 Sakta-pithas in Orissa 68 Viraja (Jajpur) 72 Ekamra-ksetra (Bhubanesvar) 81 Purusottama-ksetra (Puri) 87 Mahendragiri 93 Jalesvara-pitha 98 De-Bhogaka-ksetra (Belkhandi) 98 Sakta temples in Orissa 100 Bhubanesvar: Vaital Deul 108 Bhubanesvar: Mohini, Kalika Devi and Daksina-candi Temples 112 Baidesvar: Durga Temple 113 Sakta temples in eighth-ninth-century Saiva temple compounds 115 Early Sakta shrines in western Orissa: Kalahandi and Bolangir districts 117 Khakhara temples in north-eastern Orissa: Kisorpur/Avana/Shergarh 122 Ninth-eleventh-century Sakta shrines in Mayurbhanja and Balasore districts 125 Ninth-eleventh-century Sakta shrines in Keonjhar and Dhenkanal districts 129 Ninth-eleventh-century Sakta shrines in Dharmasala/Jajpur Area 131 Ninth-eleventh-century Sakta shrines in the Mahanadi valley 132 Ninth-eleventh-century Sakta shrines in the Praci valley 138 Caurasi: Varahi temple 141 Bhubanesvar: Gauri temple 147 Ninth-eleventh-century Sakta shrines in the Kusabhadra and Daya river valleys 149 Nine-eleventh-century Sakta shrines in southern Puri and Ganjam districts 150 Bhubanesvar: Later Sakta temples 154 Beyalisbati: Gangesvari temple 157 Kakatpur: Mangala temple 160 Twelfth-fourteenth-century Sakta shrines in coastal Orissa 163 Later Sakta shrines in western Orissa 168 Sonepur: Sakta temples 173 Later Sakta shrines in eastern and northern Orissa 179 2 SAKTI MYTHOLOGY AND ICONOGRAPHY 189 Destruction of Madhu and Kaitabha 193 Destruction of Mahisasura 200 Mahisamardini images in Orissa 212 Mode 1: Demon in hybrid form with a human body and buffalo-head 213 Mode 2: Demon in human form issuing from the buffalo-carcass 217 Mode 3: Demon in Theriomorphic Form 233 Durga iconography 235 Simhavahini/Enthroned Durga images in Orissa 247 Standing/Dancing Durga images in Orissa 252 Parvati: Mythology and iconography 256 Tapasvini Parvati images in Orissa 261 Standing Parvati images in Orissa 263 Seated Parvati image in Orissa 265 Sri-Laksmi: Mythology and iconography 268 Sri-Laksmi Images in Orissa 280 Sarasvati: Mythology and iconography 286 Sarasvati images in Orissa 295 3 CAMUNDA/KALI AND MATRKAS 301 Matrka images in Orissa: Iconography 326 Brahmi 333 Mahesvari (Sivani) 338 Kaumari 340 Vaisnavi 344 Indrani 347 Eighth matrka: Nrsimhi/Mahalaksmi 351 Virabhadra (Viresvara) 360 Varahi: Mythology and iconography 365 Varahi as a matrka 368 Varahi as a presiding deity 373 Varahi as a parsva-devata/avarana-devata 377 Camunda/Kali: Non-matrka mythology, sacrifice and the graveyard 382 Camunda: Iconography 397 Camunda as a matrka 412 Camunda as a presiding deity/parsva-devata 417 Standing/Dancing images of Camunda 433 Bhairava as the Consort of Camunda and as a Sakta/Tantra Deity 440 Standing/Dancing Bhairava images 442 Seated Bhairava images 456 Ekapada Bhairava 462 Andhakasura-samhara-murti 464 Bhiksatanamurti 467 VOL. II Abbreviations xi List of Maps, Plans, Diagrams and Iconographic Charts xiii 4 NAGA/NAGI IMAGES AND THE CULT OF MANASA/ASTIKA JARATHARU 473 Manasa/Jaratkaru: Mythology and iconography 483 Manasa images in Orissa 493 Astikajaratharu images in Orissa 495 Naga/Nagi-stambhas on Orissan temples 501 5 KALI/TARA AND MAHAVIDYAS 509 Avarana-Saktis on early Sakta temples of Orissa 509 Mahavidyas: Mythology and Number 514 Kali: Mythology and Iconography 520 Kali as a presiding deity, parsva-devata and apotropaic motif 539 Kali as an Avarana-Sakti and Mahavidya 546 Tara: Iconography 549 Tara as an Avarana-Sakti and Mahavidya 561 Mahavidya Images in Orissa 562 Sodasi (Tripurasundari/Srividya/Lalita) 562 Bhuvanesvari 573 Chinnamasta/Pracandacandika 576 Bhairavi/Tripura and Annapurna 580 Multi-armed Bhairavi Images 588 Dhumavati 591 Bagala 594 Matangi 596 Kamala/Sri-Laksmi 600 River goddesses: Ganga and Yamuna 601 Brahmanical/Sakta dvarapalas 606 6 YOGINIS, DAKINIS, SAKINIS AND WITCHCRAFT 617 The Yogini cult: Mythology and Tantric Affiliation 617 Yoginis: Number 632 Yoginis: Iconography 640 Yoginis: Sadhana/Rituals 647 The Yogini cult in Orissa 653 Hirapur: Causat-yogini pitha 661 Ranipur-Jharial: Causat-yogini pitha 665 Dakinis, Sakinis and witchcraft 674 7 PURUSA/PRAKRTI, AGNI/SOMA, AND LINGA/YONI (SIVA/SAKTI) 685 Linga/Yoni: Mythology and iconography 690 Ardhanarisvara: Mythology and iconography 697 Ardhanarisvara images in Orissa 711 Hara-Parvati: Mythology and iconography 715 Hara-Parvati images in Orissa 730 Laksmi-Narayana: Mythology and iconography 743 Laksmi-Narayana images in Orissa 754 Laksmi-Nrsimha images in Orissa 758 Laksmi-Nrsimha seated on Sesa images 764 Laksmi-Purusottama/Trailokyamohana images 769 Linga-Mahisamardini-Purusottama trinity images n Orissa 774 Baladeva-Ekanamsa-Krsna trinity images 775 Jagannatha trinity images in Orissa 779 Radha/Krsna and Gopmatha images in Orissa 782 God/Consort-sakti imagery 794 Kama-consort images in Orissa 797 Sakti-Ganapati images in Orissa 804 Sakti-Karttikeya images in Orissa 808 Surya-consort and composite Surya images in Orissa 812 Dikpala-patni images in Orissa 871 Halahala Lekesvara Images in Orissa 820 Jain Sasana-devi images in Orissa 821 8 EROTIC AND SECULAR IMAGERY 823 The nature of woman 823 Kumari/Kanya (virgin/maiden) and devadasi (temple dancer) 832 Auspicious exhibitionism and personified yoni 847 Sakta/Tantra sadhana and erotic imagery 857 Erotic rituals on Orissan temples 861 Mithuna/Maithuna images on Orissan temples 873 Pleasure gardens and the pursuit of love 877 Secularisation of the iconographic programme 884 Guru and siksadana images on Orissan temples 889 Royal figure on Orissan temples 897 Glossary 903 Bibliography 921 Index 937 VOL. III List of Figures and (Black and White illustrations) 969 List of Coloured Illustrations 1005 Figures and Coloured Illustrations 1009 Figures 1011 Coloured Illustrations 1367

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